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Aguinaldo’s opposition was ridiculed as puny and pretentious when set against America’s irresistible advance. In the rhetoric of the pro-war camp, the independence movement led by Emilio Aguinaldo, which began against Spain and was redirected against the American invaders after Spain’s defeat, was commonly referred to as an “insurrection.” The prevailing pejorative view of Aguinaldo and the “insurrection” of his Filipino supporters came through strongly in the political cartoons that emanated from the pro-war camp, as seen in the following two graphics by the famous American cartoonist Clifford Berryman. While “anti-imperialist” critics denounced the invasion, supporters of the war defended it in terms of America’s destiny to spread civilization and progress to backward peoples and nations. public was bitterly divided over the American conquest of the 1900.Īguinaldo and the “Philippine Insurrection”
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General Arthur MacArthur and General Elwell Stephen Otis (center left and right) with other U.S. University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries Ĭaption with source: “American soldiers with mobile Gatling gun,” 1899 troops with Signal Corps flag,” 1899-1902 1899Ĭaption with source: “Black and white U.S. soldiers ford a river during the Philippine-American War, ca. soldiers during the Philippine-American War, ca. Soldiers of the 20th Kansas Infantry during the Photo caption: “Taking it easy during a lull, 20th KS” Original caption on stereograph: “Expecting a Filipino Attack behind the Cemetery Wall, Pasig, Phil. Original caption on stereograph: “‘Quanto Valo’ scene in camp of the 10th Infantry, P.I.”ġ900 stereograph published by B. Original caption on stereograph: “A group of the 10th Pennsylvania Volunteers in the destroyed church at Bacoor,” troops who fought in the Philippine-American War, as well as the advanced weaponry (such as artillery and the Gatling machine gun) that accounted for the huge discrepancy between deaths on the American and opposing sides. They also reveal the mixture of African-American and white U.S. Such photos show the American soldiers at rest, mixing with Filipinos, poised for battle behind walls and in trenches, and immersed in rural and jungle warfare. forces range from posed groups to battlefield scenes, although high-speed action shots were not yet technologically possible. American Soldiers Photographs of the U.S.
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Of greatest popular interest both then and today, however, the camera captured the American forces and their Filipino adversaries and allies in a great range of poses and situations. With few maps and uncertainty about the reliability of native informants, photographs offered a rapid means of understanding the terrain of battle, and within months the Army had compiled dossiers of photographs of key fortifications, roads, and bridges, using this information to trace the transportation and communication networks of the Spanish and Philippine armies. The Philippines was almost completely unknown to the U.S.
#American conquest of philippines portable
While the photographic apparatus of 1898 may look slow and cumbersome to our eyes, the camera was among the most technologically advanced and complex portable technologies that American soldiers carried into battle, and the Army understood that mastering the photographic image would be key to waging war. It helped the military map the terrain, identify the enemy, and document their destruction. The camera was one of the many weapons that American soldiers wielded. By February 1899, tensions turned to all-out war, which would continue at least until 1902, with sporadic violence for a decade to come. Soon, however, the Americans found themselves confronting the Philippine Revolutionary Army-men and women who had been fighting against Spain since 1896, had declared an independent Philippine Republic in June 1898, and were unwilling now to be handed over as a prize of war from Spain to the United States. Original caption on stereograph: “The Stars and Stripes Floating over the Walls of Old Manila, P.I.,” stereograph, 1901 After their rapid military defeat of Spanish forces in the Philippines in August 1898, Americans raised their flag over territory that was more than 8,000 miles away from Washington.